مجله اللغه العربیه و آدابها
سال نوزدهم شماره 57 (صیف 2023)

With new critical tendencies, especially after the emergence of critical discourse analysis, text analysis methods surpassed the structure framework Analyzing texts and discourses has become an, organized and deep index. Examining the address with this new critical method is conducted at various levels. text analysis is a systematic, deep and comprehensive analysis that relies on the context and atmosphere of text and discourse production. Analyzing the discourse and focusing on it, examining the ideological tendency of the speech and its relationship with the power relations or the role of the address in changing these relations are among the chief concepts in critical discourse analysis. Lacla and Mouffe's model is one of the most important methods of critical discourse analysis that makes an effort to investigate the movement of different signifiers within the discourse. It also examines the deep connection between the elements, topics, and components of discourse and central and floating signifiers. Also, the ideological tendency of speech, the process of highlighting and marginalization, and discourse conflict are among the fundamental concepts raised in this critical approach. This research aims to study the ode "This is the Beginning of the Earth" by Ja'far al-Allaq, one of the prominent poets of Iraq, with the critical discourse analysis approach of Lacla and Mouffe. The research results suggest that Palestine is the central signifier of this poetic discourse and that there is a discourse conflict at different levels, with the conflict between the resistance discourse and the discourse of normalizing relations with Israel. This poetic discourse consists of floating signifiers that reinforce the central signifier. By focusing on the significant signifier, the poet accentuates the concept with discourse instruments such as repeating the word Palestine and emphasizing the certainty of the occupier's departure and freedom of Palestine. In this poetic discourse, the poet seeks to marginalize the occupier and the current Arab address by mockery. The poet condemns the current government in his poetic speech. The presence of a set of discourse signifiers and symbols that carry the task of reassuring and hope in the field of conflict injects specific knowledge and awareness to establish a promising future; Moreover, by using intertextuality, it seeks to strengthen the hegemony of discourse and reinforce the central signifier to create a state of desirable tendency.

Humor and laughter are the essential pillars of Arabic literature in expressing reality and highlighting society's ideas so it is challenging to represent them in real life. It has attracted the interest of writers and writers on the theater stage. Many have started to reflect on the bitter reality cynically and funnily. In drawing the smile on the lips, the Egyptian playwright Ali Salem. Salem excelled in his unique play - The School of the Hooligans - which is the most prominent in the history of the Arab comedy theater. Theatrical events revolve around the united subject. The teacher was able to master her intelligence and patience. Minds and hearts together at the same time. Violation of the principle of quantity and proportionality more than the other two principles in this play. As Essential techniques for expressing issues related to indirect comprehension are related to speech interpretation and analysis. The author uses folk literature in a simple and unassuming way and tries to put a smile on the lips of the reader. At the same time, he has portrayed criticism of the cultural community.

After a long time of working in the Arab theater, this theater sought to formulate contents that approach the mind of the spectator in the various Arab countries, where the idea of ​​rooting the Arab theater was formed with the emergence of many trends such as Al-Mukladati, Al-Samer, and the improvised and celebratory comedy, calling for it by its owners, starting from the sixties of the last century. After passing through different stages, the scenography reached the current era, emphasizing the coordination of visual elements in the show with mechanisms to achieve participation or imaginativeness, as is the relationship between the artistic form and the audience. The motive for this study is the need to return to the heritage and revive its cultural and historical considerations, which some Western theater scholars forgotten, under the pretext of modernizing theatrical work. This article, which relied on the descriptive analytical approach, seeks to study the experimental scenography of ceremonial theater in the play " Ibn al-Roumi in the shanty towns, " one of the works of Abd al-Karim Bersheed, the Moroccan playwright, who is considered the first to take serious steps in this field, leaving a unique literary imprint and achieving the Islamic identity, drawing The extent of the writer's success in realizing the aspects of celebration and rejecting the standards of inherited classical culture and the molds of Western thought. One of the most important findings of the researchers is that Berchid used various scenography in his play, which indicates the extent of his richness and richness artistically, aesthetically, and spatially. Scenography and the dominance of the celebratory vision in some form.

Stylistics is a critical approach among critics concerned with studying texts from the linguistic and crucial sides, and many linguistic studies are based on it. Style is related to the linguistic system, and the statistical approach is one of the linguistic approaches in stylistic analysis. If we want to summarize stylistics in a brief phrase, we say that it seeks to study the structure of poetry by shedding light on the recurring phenomena in the text according to the three levels; Vocal, structural, and rhetorical, and revealing the prominent influences used by the writer. Stylistics does not only depend depend not only on the form of the word but also the depth of its underlying connotations, bypassing the stage of simplification to a deeper location when it deals with the language of the text artistically. Based on these data, this research dealt with the study of the poem "Lamentation of Al-Hussein (pbuh)" by the Iraqi poet "Nizar Al-Kinani" in the "Angels of the Earth" collection, in the light of the descriptive-analytical and statistical approach, with the data of linguistics and stylistic phenomena. The poet Al-Kinani mourns Imam Al-Hussein (PBUH) sadly and sheds tears over his estrangement and heinous killing. For this reason and other reasons, the poet used sad expressions and words. The study result indicate that the terms used were in proportion to the space of sad poems, so the poet came up with harmonious words in the places of stress and strength. Luxurious, resonant, and intense in forces at the vocal level. The poet also intensified the invocation of expressive structures and formulas that fit the meanings and tragedies in Karbala.

The new poem expresses its meaning through different symbols and forms. The poet borrows several ways with great skill to tell what is on his mind, from which he makes an architectural poem on which he builds his expressive production and links between its linguistic system and its geometric form in a way that cannot be separated from each other so that the visual image next to the text system becomes two sides of the same coin. This makes the reader see its transition from the audible to the visual side. Thus, he made a poem with an interpretive text that exercises its suggestive work through these changes until this poem, in its written form, became a practical element that contributes to the production of significance and meaning. This research sheds light on the phenomenon of visual formation, but from a different vision from its predecessors, through the lens of  Thematic metaphor, where we took models from the poems of the Iraqi poet Ali Jaafar Al-Alaq based on the descriptive analytical method to analyze this study. The results indicate that each rule of this phenomenon called visual formation is an allegorical expression that takes its conceptual format to express the concept that the poet wanted as a soul that embodies the interaction in his poem to give its words a kinetic aspect to that written in it. It was also found that visual metaphors, visual metaphors, and sensory-motor inferences are among the most potent metaphors that can be coordinated in the visible form in the narrative poem. The classification categories, our inherent predictions between the structure of the lyrics and the punctuation marks, and the metaphors of the form discussed by Lakoff & Johnson were close to the visual and kinetic incarnations reflected in the form of the poems.

The debate on the word “Allah” etymology is pervasive. Because of its interrelations with various disciplines such as history, archeology, Semitic languages, and theology, the detailed analysis of the topic demands mastery of all these sciences. The word’s slightly different pronunciation from the corresponding term referring to Almighty God in the scriptures of pre-Islamic Abrahamic religions has sometimes incited religious disputes leading some to cast doubts on the name’s identical referent. This article demonstrates that the origin of the word “Allah” is the Syriac word “Alaha,” meaning “God,” and while studying linguistic changes of this word over time also proves it to be cognate with the Hebrew words “oluh,” and “Alvah” in Torah. Furthermore, this paper shows that in pre-Islamic centuries, Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians used the same word, “Allah,” to refer to the concept of the Supreme God.